Brock Biology Of Microorganisms 13th Edition Powerpoint Animation

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REVIEWERS This resource was peer-reviewed at ASM Conference for Undergraduate Education 2005. Participating Reviewers: Susan Merkel Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Patricia Shields University of Maryland, College Park, MD Author: Donald Lehman Triple Sugar Iron Agar FIG. Uninoculated TSI tube. (Donald Lehman, University of Delaware, Newark, DE) Escherichia coli FIG. Lactose and sucrose fermenter, e.g. Coli. (Donald Lehman, University of Delaware, Newark, DE) Morganella morganii FIG.

Glucose fermenter, e.g. Morganella morganii. (Donald Lehman, University of Delaware, Newark, DE) Proteus mirabilis FIG. Glucose fermenter and hydrogen sulfide producer (H 2S+), e.g. Proteus mirabilis. (Donald Lehman, University of Delaware, Newark, DE) Citrobacter freundii FIG. Lactose and sucrose fermenter and hydrogen sulfide producer H 2S+, e. Citrobacter freundii. (Donald Lehman, University of Delaware, Newark, DE) Psuedomonas species FIG.

Non fermenter, e. (Donald Lehman, University of Delaware, Newark, DE).

Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Author: Multiple Authors FIG. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test on coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus grown on Mueller-Hinton agar with tetracycline (30 µg), cephalothin (30 µg), erythromycin (15 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), vancomycin (30 µg), penicillin (10 µg), streptomycin (10 µg), and novobiocin (30 µg). Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA) FIG. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test on Staphylocuccus aureus.The image depicts measuring the zone of inhibition for tetracycline. Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA) FIG. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results show sensitivity to amikacin and imipenem.

Antibiotics used include ampicillin (A), cefotaxime (Ce), co-trimoxazole (Co), ciprofloxacin (Cf), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (Ac), ceftazidime (Ca), amikacin (Ak), imipenem (I), and gentamicin (G). (Shashidhar Vishwanath, Kasturba Medical College, Karnataka, India) FIG. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test. A Mueller-Hinton agar plate was seeded with a lawn of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using a sterile cotton swab. Antibiotic disks containing 30 µg of tetracycline (upper left), 30 µg of vancomycin (upper right), 10 µg of ampicillin (lower left), and 30 µg of chloramphenicol (lower right) were dispensed on the agar surface, and the plate was incubated at 30°C overnight. The diameter of each zone was measured in millimeters with a ruler and evaluated for susceptibility or resistance using the comparative standard method. (Anh-Hue Tu, Georgia Southwestern State University, Americus) FIG.

Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test. A Mueller-Hinton agar plate was seeded with a lawn of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (top half) and Serratia marcescens (bottom half) using sterile cotton swabs. For plate A, antibiotic disks containing 30 µg of chloramphenicol (top and bottom left), 15 µg of erythromycin (top and bottom middle), and 30 µg of ampicillin (top and bottom right) were dispensed on the agar surface. For plate B, antibiotic disks containing 25 µg of sulfisoxazole (top and bottom left) and 30 µg of ceftriaxone (top and bottom right) were dispensed on the agar surface. Both plates were incubated at 30°C overnight and the diameter of each zone was measured in millimeters and evaluated for susceptibility or resistance using the comparative standard method.

(Anh-Hue Tu, Georgia Southwestern State University, Americus) FIG. 6. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test. Mueller-Hinton agar plates were seeded with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, and Staphylococcus aureus. Four antibiotic disks were dispensed on each plate. The disks contained 10 µg of ampicillin (top left), 30 µg of tetracycline (top right), 30 µg of chloramphenicol (bottom left), and 30 µg of vancomycin (bottom right). All three plates were incubated at 30°C overnight. The diameter of each zone was measured in millimeters and evaluated for resistance or susceptibility using the comparative standard method.

Antibiotic susceptibility was compared between the three strains of bacteria. (Anh-Hue Tu, Georgia Southwestern State University, Americus) FIG. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test.

Mueller-Hinton agar plates were seeded with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Four antibiotic disks were dispensed on each plate. The disks contained 30 µg of tetracycline (top left), 30 µg of vancomycin (top right), 10 µg of ampicillin (bottom left), and 30 µg of chloramphenicol (bottom right). Both plates were incubated at 30°C overnight. The diameter of each zone was measured in millimeters and evaluated for susceptibility or resistance using the comparative standard method. Antibiotic susceptibility was compared between the two strains of bacteria. (Anh-Hue Tu, Georgia Southwestern State University, Americus) FIG. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test.

Mueller-Hinton agar plates were seeded with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, and Staphylococcus aureus. Four antibiotic disks were dispensed on each plate. The disks contained 30 µg of chloramphenicol (top left), 10 µg of ampicillin (top right), 30 µg of vancomycin (bottom left), and 30 µg of tetracycline (bottom right). Both plates were incubated at 30°C overnight. The diameter of each zone was measured in millimeters and evaluated for resistance or susceptibility using the comparative standard method. Antibiotic susceptibility was compared between the three strains of bacteria.

(Anh-Hue Tu, Georgia Southwestern State University, Americus, GA) FIG. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test. A Mueller-Hinton agar plate was seeded with a lawn of Staphylococcus aureus using a sterile cotton swab. Antibiotic disks containing 30 µg of ceftriaxone (upper left), 25 µg of sulfisoxazole (upper right), and 30 µg of polymixin B (lower right) were dispensed on the agar surface. The plate was incubated at 30°C overnight.

The diameter of each zone was measured in millimeters with a ruler and evaluated for resistance or susceptibility using the comparative standard method. (Anh-Hue Tu, Georgia Southwestern State University, Americus, GA) FIG. 10. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test on Escherichia coli grown on Mueller-Hinton agar using antibiotic disks containing 10 µg of ampicillin (AM 10), 30 µg of tetracycline (Te 30), and 10 IU of penicillin (P 10) after a 24-hour incubation. (Jackie Peltier Horn, Houston Baptist University, Houston, TX) FIG. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test. Oxacillin, doxycycline, and cefoxitin antibiotic disks were placed on Mueller-Hinton agar after plating with Staphylococcus aureus. The plate is shown just prior to incubation.

Kaup, Bellevue University, Bellevue, NE; J.L. Henriksen, Bellevue University, Bellevue, NE) FIG. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test on Staphylococcus aureus grown on Mueller-Hinton agar. Zones of sensitivity are shown for oxacillin (15 mm), cefoxitin (30 mm), and doxycycline (27 mm) after 48 hours of incubation at 37°C. Kaup, Bellevue University, Bellevue, NE; J.L.

Henriksen, Bellevue University, Bellevue, NE) FIG. 13. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test on Staphylococcus aureus grown on Mueller-Hinton agar. Staphylococcus aureus shows sensitivity to oxacillin (15-mm zone) after 48 hours of incubation at 37°C.

Kaup, Bellevue University, Bellevue, NE; J.L. Henriksen, Bellevue University, Bellevue, NE) FIG. 14. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test on Staphylococcus aureus grown on Mueller-Hinton agar. Staphylococcus aureus shows decreased sensitivity to cefoxitin (11-mm zone) and doxycycline (26-mm zone) and resistance to oxacillin after 48 hours of incubation at 37°C. Kaup, Bellevue University, Bellevue, NE; J.L. Henriksen, Bellevue University, Bellevue, NE) FIG.

Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test on Staphylococcus aureus grown on Mueller-Hinton agar. Staphylococcus aureus shows resistance to oxacillin after 48 hours of incubation at 37°C. Kaup, Bellevue University, Bellevue, NE, J.L.

Henriksen, Bellevue University, Bellevue, NE) FIG. McFarland standards (left to right) 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, positioned in front of a Wickerham card.

McFarland standards are used to prepare bacterial suspensions to a specified turbidity. In the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test protocol, the bacterial suspension of the organism to be tested should be equivalent to the 0.5 McFarland standard. (Jan Hudzicki, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS) FIG. 17. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test protocol, inoculation of the test plate. Rotate the swab against the side of the tube while applying pressure to remove excess liquid from the swab prior to inoculating the plate. (Jan Hudzicki, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS) FIG. 18. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test protocol, inoculation of the Mueller-Hinton agar plate. Step 3. Inoculate the plate with the test organism by streaking the swab in a back-and-forth motion very close together as you move across and down the plate.

Rotate the plate 60° and repeat this action. Rotate the plate once more and repeat the streaking action. This method ensures an even distribution of inoculum that will result in a confluent lawn of growth. (Jan Hudzicki, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS) FIG. 19. Inoculation of the Mueller-Hinton agar plate, diagram illustrating the pattern the swab should follow as it is drawn across the plate.

(Jan Hudzicki, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS) FIG. 20. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test protocol, inoculation of the Mueller-Hinton agar plate. After streaking the Mueller-Hinton agar plate as described in Step 3, rim the plate with the swab by running the swab around the edge of the entire plate to pick up any excessive inoculum that may have been splashed near the edge. The arrow indicates the path of the swab. (Jan Hudzicki, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS). Enterobacteriaceae FIG. 1. Family Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichia coli, non-hemolytic strain (Large, gray, moist colonies.

Hemolysis is variable in the family Enterobacteriaceae, and colonies of many species appear similar). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Family Enterobacteriaceae: Morganella morganii, beta hemolytic strain (Large, gray, moist colonies. Hemolysis is variable in the family Enterobacteriaceae, and colonies of many species appear similar). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Family Enterobacteriaceae: Morganella morganii, hemolytic strain (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Family Enterobacteriaceae: red-pigmented Serratia marcescens.

(Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Family Enterobacteriaceae: swarming Proteus (A single colony on fresh medium shows a confluent swarm.) (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Family Enterobacteriaceae: swarming Proteus (A single colony on fresh medium shows a confluent swarm).

(Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. A pure culture of Proteus: The obvious streak lines may appear as “no growth” to the inexperienced eye, when in fact, the plate displays a confluent lawn of swarming growth. (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG.

Family Enterobacteriaceae: swarming Proteus (A single colony on fresh medium shows a confluent swarm. Transmitted light reveals slight beta hemolysis). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG.

Family Enterobacteriaceae: swarming Proteus (Low-moisture medium reveals distinct rings of swarming growth from 2 isolated colonies). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT). Fruiting Bodies and Mature Basidiospores of the Stalked Puffball Mushroom Author: Charida Pukahuta Warinee Palasarn Aranya Pimmongkol Information FIG. Mature basidiospores of the stalked puffball mushroom, Calostoma sp. Two different stages of fruiting bodies of an edible puffball mushroom, Calostoma sp. Immature fruiting bodies of Calostoma sp.

Appearing in their natural habitat. Introduction Mature basidiospores of the stalked puffball mushroom, Calostoma sp., are covered with protruding spines (Fig. The round basidiospores are ornamented with tapered spines, a unique microscopic morphology of some species in this genus. When the basidiosporesare immature, these protruding spines link the basdiospores with their basidia and networking mycelia in the fertile region (known as the gleba, shown in Fig.

As the spores become mature, they dry and are released from the mycelial mass. The powdery spore dust is discharged through the opening of the fruiting body like ash from a miniature volcano and easily disperses to attach to the surrounding substrate. The spores provide protection and efficiency in attaching to the substrate. When the immature mushroom is cut (far left in Fig.

2), the inner white part—the spore mass or gleba—containing young basidiospores and the mycelial mass which develops within a transparent gelatinous material is seen. The far right (Fig. 2) shows a mature fruiting body with a perforated spore case atop a reticulate stalk. The natural habitat of these puffballs—low nutrient, sandy soil and decomposed leaves of a dry deciduous forest—is shown in Fig. This tropical forest type is populated with the major Dipterocarp tree species such as Shorea spp., Dipterocarpus spp. And Hopea spp.

Recent research indicates that Calostoma cinnabarinum sp. Is an ectomycorrhizal mushroom (3), a type of fungus which lives in a symbiotic relationship with a plant by forming a sheath around the plant’s root tips. Methods The fruiting bodies of Calostoma sp. Were collected from natural ground habitat in a Dipterocarp forest in Thailand in October, 2004. Basidiospores were removed from the inner chamber of a mature mushroom. They were placed on a stub with adhesive tape, vacuum dried, gold coated, and observed by a Jeol scanning electron microscope at 15 kV, 5,000x.

The pictures of fruiting bodies in situ were taken by a digital camera, Pentax Optio 330. The diameter of the immature mushroom is 2.5 to 4.0 cm, while the inner part is 1.5 to 3.0 cm. The outer gelatinous layer is 0.5 to 1.0 cm thick. The stalk is hollow, 3.0 to 4.0 cm long and 1.0 to 1.5 cm thick. The diameter of a mature fruiting body is 1.5 to 2.0 cm. Discussion The microscopic morphology of basidiospores reflects the importance of functional morphology for their fertility.

The starlike structure protects the basidiospore from unfavorable conditions, helps it to attach to the substrate, and allows it to survive in a suboptimal environment. Besides the basidiospores of puffball mushrooms, such a starlike shape is noticeably found in various taxa: algae, conidia of fungi, corals, planktons, sea stars, sea urchins, and flowering plants. References 1. Hawksworth, D. Sutton, and G. Ainsworth and Bisby’s dictionary of fungi.

Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England. Lincoff, G. 2004. Field guide to mushrooms.

National Audubon Society, New York, NY. Hobbie, and D. The ectomycorrhizal status of Calostoma cinnabarinum determined using isotopic, molecular and morphological methods. Figure 1 Calostoma species (Enlarged view) Figure 1 Calostoma species (Labeled view) Figure 2 Calostoma species (Enlarged view) Figure 2 Calostoma species (Labeled view) Figure 3 Calostoma species (Enlarged view) Figure 3 Calostoma species (Labeled view).

Staphylococcus FIG. Large, creamy white, beta hemolytic colonies typical of Staphylococcus aureus. (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. 2. Large, creamy white, beta hemolytic colonies typical of Staphylococcus aureus. (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. 3.

Large, creamy white, beta hemolytic colonies typical of Staphylococcus aureus. (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. 4. Large, creamy white, beta hemolytic colonies typical of Staphylococcus aureus.

(Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. 5. Strains of Staphylococcus aureus may or may not produce a golden yellow pigment. (beta hemolytic, non-pigmented strain. Compare with Figure 6). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. 6. Strains of Staphylococcus aureus may or may not produce a golden yellow pigment.

(beta hemolytic, yellow-pigmented strain. Compare with Figure 5). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. 7. Non-hemolytic Staphylococcus species: Staphylococcus epidermidis. (Most species of coagulase negative Staphylococcus species are non-hemolytic).

(Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. 8. Non-hemolytic Staphylococcus species: Staphylococcus epidermidis.

(Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Non-hemolytic Staphylococcus species: Staphylococcus epidermidis. (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. 10.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus: non-hemolytic, bright white, creamy colonies (recovered almost exclusively from urinary tract infections in young, sexually active females). Micrococcus luteus: Dramatic bright yellow pigment (no hemolysis). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT). Bacteria are the most numerous of the culturable soil microorganisms. Their numbers are often as high as 1 x 10 8 per gram of soil. Therefore, a handful of soil may contain more living organisms than there are people on the face of the earth. Bacteria have a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and functions.

Some require free-molecular oxygen, some can live without oxygen, and some (facultative anaerobic) can live with or without oxygen. Their sizes usually range from about 0.2 to 3 μm. Soil bacteria are active in many soil nutritive cycles, especially the carbon and nitrogen cycles.

The video shows free-living Azotobacter (“azoto” means nitrogen in Russian) growing on a soil surface and bacteria that fix nitrogen symbiotically (in a mutually beneficial relationship) with higher plants. These organisms use nitrogen gas from the air for growth and reproduction. A nodule (round structure that houses the Bradyrhizobium) is shown growing on the root system of a soybean plant. If cutting into the nodule reveals a red color, active nitrogen fixation is occurring. The red color is due to leghemoglobin, a compound produced by the plant that protects the enzyme nitrogenase responsible for fixation from oxygen. There are many nitrogen-fixing legumes. Most beans, such as kidney, green, or lima beans, fix nitrogen from the atmosphere.

Garden peas and forage crops such as alfalfa, clover, and trefoil, all fix nitrogen. Some shrubs also fix nitrogen such as alder that grows commonly in the northwest USA and in Alaska. The endophyte, or organism inside the nodule, in this case, is an actinomycete of the genus Frankia. A downloadable, high-resolution version of this video is available. Methods The bacteria were grown at room temperature on low-energy medium after a serial dilution of an Iowa soil. The Azotobacter plates were prepared by adding 1% mannitol to a moist soil and incubating at room temperature for 2 weeks.

The video was captured using bright-field microscopy and captions were added using Adobe Premiere. References Coyne, M. Soil microbiology: an exploratory approach. Delmar Publishers, Albany, NY. Hartel, and D.

Principles and applications of soil microbiology. Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Bacillus FIG. 1. Bacillus cereus with 'double zone' of beta hemolysis.

(Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Bacillus cereus with 'double zone' of beta hemolysis. Opalescent, greenish colonies apparent with reflected light. (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG.

Bacillus cereus with 'double zone' of beta hemolysis. (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Bacillus cereus with 'double zone' of beta hemolysis.

(Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Unknown Bacillus species; beta hemolytic, 'double zone' not apparent. (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah), Salt Lake City, UT FIG. Unknown Bacillus species; beta hemolytic, 'double zone' not apparent. (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG.

Unknown Bacillus species; beta hemolytic, 'double zone' not apparent. (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT). Antibiotics That Inhibit Bacterial Peptidoglycan Synthesis These animations illustrate the mechanisms by which several different antibiotics inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis in a Gram-positive bacterium. Summary With relatively few exceptions, members of the domain Bacteria possess a cell wall composed of a semi-rigid, tight-knit molecular complex called peptidoglycan that enables the bacterium to resist osmotic lysis. Many commonly used antibiotics work by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis, resulting in bacterial lysis. These animations illustrate the mechanisms by which several different antibiotics inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis in a Gram-positive bacterium.

Introduction To synthesize new peptidoglycan during bacterial replication and growth, enzymes called autolysins break the glycosidic bonds between the peptidoglycan monomers at the point of growth along the existing cell wall. In addition, there are autolysins that break the peptide cross-bridges that link the rows and layers of glycan strands together. New peptidoglycan monomers are synthesized in the cytosol of the bacterium as they attach to a membrane carrier molecule called bactoprenol. The bactoprenols transport the peptidoglycan monomers across the cytoplasmic membrane and work with enzymes called transglycosylases to insert the monomers into the existing cell wall. As the new peptidoglycan monomers are inserted, transpeptidase enzymes (also known as penicillin-binding proteins) reform the peptide cross-links between the rows and layers of peptidoglycan making the cell wall strong (1).

Penicillins and cephalosporins, as well as other beta-lactam antibiotics, mimic the D-alanyl-D-alanine (D-Ala-D-Ala) groups found at the terminus of the pentapeptide in most newly synthesized peptidoglycan monomers. Binding of the drug to the transpeptidase ties up the enzyme and prevents it from reforming the peptide cross-links between the rows and layers of peptidoglycan in the cell wall as new peptidoglycan monomers are added during bacterial cell growth.

In addition, these antibiotics appear to interfere with the bacterial controls that keep autolysins in check. Collectively, this results in degradation of the peptidoglycan and osmotic lysis of the bacterium (2). Glycopeptides, such as vancomycin, and the lipoglycopeptide teichoplanin bind directly to the D-Ala-D-Ala portion of the pentapeptides of the peptidoglycan monomers and block the formation of the peptide cross-links by the transpeptidase enzymes.

As a result of steric hindrance (not shown in this animation), vancomycin may also interfere with the formation of the glycosidic bonds between the sugars of the peptidoglycan monomers and those in the existing cell wall (2). Duolabs Cas 3 Plus Interface Software. Collectively, this results in a weak cell wall and subsequent osmotic lysis of the bacterium. The antibiotic bacitracin, on the other hand, binds to the transporter protein bactoprenol after it inserts the peptidoglycan monomer it is transporting across the cytoplasmic membrane into the growing cell wall. Binding of the drug subsequently prevents the dephosphorylation of the bactoprenol. Bactoprenol molecules that have not lost the second phosphate group cannot assemble new monomers and transport them across the cytoplasmic membrane (2). As a result, no new monomers are inserted into the growing cell wall. As the autolysins continue to break the peptide cross-links and new cross-links fail to form, the bacterium bursts from osmotic lysis.

Method Adobe Flash Professional CS5.5 was used in constructing this animation. Illustrations were drawn using Adobe Illustrator CS5.1 and imported into Adobe Flash Professional CS5.5. Discussion Many commonly used antibiotics work by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis, resulting in bacterial lysis. These animations illustrate the mechanisms by which several different antibiotics inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis in a Gram-positive bacterium. Animation 1 Penicillin inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan in a Gram-positive bacterium by binding to transpeptidases enzymes. Slide 1 shows a labeled representation of a Gram-positive cell wall.

Slides 2 and 3 illustrate how transpeptidases normally form the peptide cross-links between the chains of peptidoglycan. One amino acid is lost from the newly inserted monomer during this process, changing it from a pentapeptide to a tetrapeptide. In slides 4 and 5, penicillin molecules are shown binding to transpeptidases and blocking the formation of the peptide cross-links between the newly inserted monomers and the existing peptidoglycan cell wall. In slides 6 and 7, the bacterium is shown undergoing osmotic lysis as the autolysins continue to degrade the cell wall. Animation 2 Vancomycin inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan in a Gram-positive bacterium by binding directly to the pentapeptide of the peptidoglycan monomers. Slide 1 shows a labeled representation of a Gram-positive cell wall. Slides 2 and 3 illustrate how transpeptidases normally form the peptide cross-links between the chains of peptidoglycan.

One amino acid is lost from the newly inserted monomer during this process, changing it from a pentapeptide to a tetrapeptide. In slides 4 and 5, vancomycin is shown binding directly to the pentapeptide of the newly transported peptidoglycan monomers and blocking the formation of the peptide cross-links between these monomers and the existing peptidoglycan by transpeptidases. In slides 6 and 7, the bacterium is shown undergoing osmotic lysis as the autolysins continue to degrade the cell wall. Animation 3 Bacitracin inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan in a Gram-positive bacterium by binding to the membrane transporter bactoprenol. Slide 1 shows a labeled representation of a Gram-positive cell wall.

In slides 2 and 3, peptidoglycan monomers are shown being synthesized in the cytosol as the NAM-pentapeptide attaches to the carrier protein bactoprenol. The bactoprenol subsequently transports the monomers across the cytoplasmic membrane and inserts them into the “gap” provided by the autolysins. Slides 4 and 5 illustrate how bactoprenol must lose one of its two phosphate groups before it can again help assemble and transport peptidoglycan monomers across the cytoplasmic membrane. In slides 6 and 7, bacitracin is shown binding to bactoprenol after it inserts the peptidoglycan monomer it is transporting into the growing cell wall.

The bacitracin subsequently prevents the dephosphorylation of the bactoprenol and blocks bactoprenol from transporting further peptidoglycan monomers across the membrane. In slides 8 and 9, the bacterium is shown undergoing osmotic lysis as the autolysins continue to degrade the cell wall. Streptococcus FIG. Streptococcus pneumoniae (encapsulated strain). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Streptococcus pneumoniae (encapsulated strain).

(Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Streptococcus pneumoniae (encapsulated strain). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG.

Digi Lan Tv7203 Software Downloads. Alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus species ('Viridans group'). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Streptococcus agalactiae (Lancefield group B) viewed with transmitted light: Subtle hemolysis. (Also see Figure 36 and 37). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG.

Same blood agar plate as Figure 2 demonstrating that the beta hemolysis of Streptococcus pyogenes is so complete that print my be read through the resulting transparent medium. (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG.

Streptococcus bovis (Lancefield group D). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Beta hemolytic Streptococcus species: Streptococcus agalactiae (Lancefield group B) Hemolysis may be difficult to appreciate, and may never completely clear the cells.

(Compare with the complete hemolysis of Streptococcus pyogenes, Figure 4 (also see Figures 7 and 8 ). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Beta hemolytic Streptococcus species: Streptococcus pyogenes (Lancefield group A). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG.

Beta hemolytic Streptococcus species: Lancefield group C (Large colony types of Lancefield groups A, C, and G can appear very similar on blood agar plates). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG.

Tryptic soy agar with and without Sheep Blood. (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG.

Streptococcus bovis (Lancefield group D). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Normal Upper respiratory flora mixed with beta-hemolytic Streptococcus species ( S.

(Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Normal Upper respiratory flora mixed with beta-hemolytic Streptococcus species ( S. (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Normal Upper respiratory flora mixed with Streptococcus pyogenes demonstrating production of Streptolysin O. Beta hemolysis is only evident where the agar was 'stabbed'.

(Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Normal Upper respiratory flora mixed with Streptococcus species. (The presence of beta-hemolytic colonies indicates the possibility of Streptococcus pyogenes infection. Also see Figures 26 and 27). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG.12. 'Gamma Streptococcus': Enterococcus faecalis (24 hours, non-hemolytic). 'Gamma streptococci' are usually non-hemolytic after 24 hours of incubation, but many eventually display weak alpha hemolysis.

(The genus Enterococcus was once a part of the Streptococcus genus, was considered a 'gamma Streptococcus species,' and usually reacts as Lancefield group D). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG.

Alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus species 'Viridans group' streptococci, including species such as the Streptococcus mutans, mitis, and salivarius groups display alpha hemolysis. (Also see Figures 15,16 and 23-25).

(Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Beta hemolytic Streptococcus species: Lancefield group F. (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Beta hemolytic Streptococcus species seen with transmitted light, Streptococcus pyogenes (Lancefield group A. Also see Figures 28-35). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG.

Streptococcus pneumoniae (encapsulated strain). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG.

Streptococcus pneumoniae (encapsulated strain). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. In addition to alpha hemolysis, this strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae is producing abundant polysaccharide capsular material evidenced by the mucoid or 'oil droplet' appearance on the colonies. (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus species ('Viridans group').

(Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Alpha (a), Beta (b) and Non-hemolytic (Gamma, g) streptococci (transmitted light). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Listeria monocytogenes, removing colonies to see the subtle hemolysis directly beneath the colonies.

(Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Normal Upper respiratory flora mixed with Streptococcus pyogenes demonstrating production of Streptolysin O. Beta hemolysis is only evident where the agar was 'stabbed'. (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. The same Enterococcus strain as Figure (12), shown with transmitted light at 48 hours incubation demonstrates the alpha hemolysis of some 'gamma streptococci.'

(See also Figure 38). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG.

Beta hemolytic Streptococcus species: Streptococcus agalactiae (Lancefield group B). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Alpha hemolysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Encapsulated strain, also see Figure 17-20). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG.

Mixed alpha- and non-hemolytic colonies are typical of normal upper respiratory (mouth) flora. (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Streptococcus bovis (Lancefield group D) may appear very similar to some Enterococcus species. (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Beta hemolytic Streptococcus species: Lancefield group F. (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG.

Beta hemolytic Streptococcus species: Lancefield group C (transmitted light). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Streptococcus bovis (Lancefield group D). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. 'Gamma Streptococcus': Enterococcus faecalis (48 hours, slight alpha hemolysis. Also see Figures 12 and 13).

(Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Beta hemolytic Streptococcus species: Lancefield group F. (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Lancefield group F streptococci (beta-hemolytic strains of the Streptococcus anginossus group) produce very small (so called “minute”) colonies which are beta hemolytic, but because of their size and slower growth, the complete clearing of red blood cells may be difficult to appreciate.

(Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Beta hemolytic Streptococcus species: Lancefield group C.

(Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Mixed alpha- and non-hemolytic colonies are typical of normal upper respiratory (mouth) flora. (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Mixed alpha- and non-hemolytic colonies are typical of normal upper respiratory (mouth) flora. (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Streptococcus agalactiae (Lancefield group B) viewed with incident light: No obvious hemolysis.

(Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Antibiotic sensitivity testing of streptococcal species on blood agar. The blood agar plate was divided then inoculated with two organisms using a swab. Bacitracin differentiation disks (~0.04 units of bacitracin) were placed in the center of each inoculation and the plate was incubated for 24 hours at 37 oC. (A) Streptococcus mitis (alpha-hemolytic, growth noted by greening of the agar) shows no zone of inhibition indicating resistance to bacitracin. (B) Streptococcus pyogenes (beta-hemolytic, growth indicated by clearing of the agar) shows a zone of inhibition (arrow) around the bacitracin disc indicating sensitivity; the zone of inhibition is still red because the red blood cells did not lyse. Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA).

Pathology of Cholera This animation is designed to illustrate the pathology of Vibrio cholerae and demonstrates the major steps in the development of cholera as a disease. For example, the animation shows the entry of the Vibrio via contaminated water, the colonization of the small intestine, and the site of action of cholera toxin. The effects of toxin at the cellular level are also shown, as are the effects of the toxin on overall human physiology.

The animation includes several features that are useful for educational purposes. First, the animation is in a Quicktime format. It can therefore be easily added into Powerpoint-type presentations. Second, the animation is controllable through the use of action buttons. The ability to control the sequences allows an instructor to add further spoken detail at suitable points in the presentation without having to talk over the animation. Third, the animation provides some degree of interactivity for students.

For example, students are given the choice as to whether they will let the victim live or succumb to the disease. Finally, the animation contains some levels of humor, an element that is often overlooked as an effective teaching tool. The animation is designed for lower level undergraduate students involved in introductory level microbiology courses. Pseudomonas FIG. Colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa typically display beta hemolysis, a metallic sheen, and blue or green pigment.

(Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (beta hemolysis and metallic sheen). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (blue pigment with reflected light). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (beta hemolysis with transmitted light). (Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT) FIG. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (beta hemolysis and pigment with transmitted light).

(Rebecca Buxton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT).